アメリカ合衆国の「WIPO著作権条約，実演及び音楽レコード条約インプリメント法案」
（部分仮訳）
翻訳：夏井高人
これは，アメリカ合衆国の著作権法の一部改正法である「WIPO著作権条約，実演及び音楽レコード条約インプリメント法」の下院法案[H.R.2281]（1998年7月22日現在のもの）を大急ぎで仮訳したものです。誤訳もあるかもしれません。この点，ご注意ください。
この法案は，上院で法案提出・審理・可決後に下院に送付されていた「1998年デジタルミレニアム著作権法」 [S.2037]，下院で法案提出・審理されていた「1997年デジタル世紀著作権拡張法案」[H.R.3048]及び「1998年オンライン著作権侵害責任制限法案」[H.R.3209]を１本の法案として合体し，さらに幾つかの修正を加えた法案です。
なお，この法案のオリジナル・テキストは，
http://thomas.loc.gov/home/c105query.html
でキーワード検索（キーワード：digital copyright または H.R.2281）することにより入手することができます。
105th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. R. 2281
合衆国法典タイトル17を修正し，WIPO著作権条約並びに実演及び音楽レコード条約をインプリメントするための法案
TITLE I WIPO著作権条約のインプリメント
SEC. 101. 略 称
本タイトルは，「WIPO著作権条約インプリメント法（WIPO Copyright Treaties Implementation Act）」として引用することができる。.
SEC. 102. 技術的改正
(a) 定 義 − 合衆国法典（United States Code）タイトル17の101条は，次のとおり改正される。
(1) 「ベルヌ条約上の著作物」の定義を削除する。
(2) 「ベルヌ条約上の著作物の「第一発行国（country of origin）」」 の定義中において，
(A) 「411条においては，ベルヌ条約上の著作物の「第一発行国」は，〜の場合には，合衆国である」を削除し，「411条においては，著作物は，〜の場合にのみ，合衆国の中作物である」を挿入する。
(B) (1)号中の，
(i) (B)内の「ベルヌ条約に拘束される国家」を削除し，「締約国」を挿入する。
(ii) (C)内の「ベルヌ条約に拘束されない国家」を削除し，「非締約国」を挿入する。
(iii) (D)内の「ベルヌ条約に拘束されない国家」を削除し，「非締約国」を挿入する。
(C) (3)号の事項中の「411条においては，ベルヌ条約上の他の著作物の「第一発行国」は合衆国ではない」を削除する。
(3) 「固定（fixed）」の定義の後に，「「ジュネーヴ音楽レコード条約」は，1971年10月29日にスイスのジュネーヴで締約された音楽レコードの無権限複製に対して音楽レコードの作者を保護するための条約である。」 を挿入する。
(4) 「including」の定義の後に，次のとおり挿入する。
「「国際的な合意」は
(1) 万国著作権条約（the Universal Copyright Convention）
(2) ジュネーヴ音楽レコード条約（the Geneva Phonograms Convention）
(3) ベルヌ条約（the Berne Convention）
(4) WTO合意（the WTO Agreement）
(5) WIPO著作権条約（the WIPO Copyright Treaty）
(6) WIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約（the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty）；及び
(7) 合衆国が締約国となっているその他の著作権条約
である。」
(5) 「送信（transmit）」の定義の後に，次のとおり挿入する。
「「締約国」は，合衆国以外の国（a country）または政府間組織（intergovernmental organization）であって，国際的合意の当事者である。」
(6) 「寡婦（widow）」の定義の後に，次のとおり挿入する。
「「WIPO著作権条約」は，1996年12月20日にスイスのジュネーヴで締約されたWIPO著作権条約である。」
(7) 「WIPO著作権条約」の定義の後に，次のとおり挿入する。
「「WIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約」は，1996年12月20日にスイスのジュネーヴで締約されたWIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約である。」
(8) 「賃貸用著作物（work for hire）」の定義の後に，次のとおり挿入する。
「「WTO合意」及び「WTOメンバー国」は，ウルグアイ・ラウンド合意法（Uruguay Round Agreements Act）2条に関する(9)号及び(10)号で規定する用語としての意味を有する。」
(b) 著作権の対象，第一発行国 − 合衆国法典タイトル17の104条は，次のとおり改正される。
(1) (b)項中の，
(A) (1)号において，「合衆国も締約国となっている著作権条約の締約国である外国」を削除し，「締約国」を挿入する。
(B) (2)号において，「万国著作権条約の締約国」を削除し，「締約国」を挿入する。
(C) (5)号を(6)号とする。
(D) (3)号を(b)項(5)号とした上，それを(4)号の後に挿入する。
(E) (2)項の後に，次のとおり挿入する。
「(3) 著作物は，締約国内において最初に固定された音楽レコードである。または，」
(F) (4)号において，「ベルヌ条約上の著作物」を削除し，「建物その他の構造物に組み入れられた絵画の著作物，グラフィックの著作物もしくは彫刻の著作物，または，建物に体言されている建築の著作物，建物もしくは構造物は，合衆国または締約国に所在する。」を削除する。そして，
(G) 新たな(6)号の後に，次のとおり挿入する。
「(2)号においては，締約国でない国で出版後30日以内に合衆国もしくは締約国において出版された著作物は，それぞれ，合衆国または締約国において最初に出版されたものとみなす。」
(2) 次の新しい(d)項を挿入する。
「(d) 音楽レコード条約の効力
(b)項の規定にかかわらず，音楽録音（sound recordings）以外の著作物は，ジュネーブ音楽レコード条約またはWIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約への合衆国の加盟の効力のみによっては，本タイトルに基づく保護を受けることができない。」
(c) 復元された著作物中の著作権 − 合衆国法典タイトル17の104条A(h)項は，次のとおり改正される。
(1) (1)号において，(A)及び(B)を削除し，次のとおりに挿入する。
「(A) ベルヌ条約の加盟国
(B) WTOのメンバー国
(C) WIPO著作権条約の加盟国
(D) WIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約加盟国；または，
(E) (g)項に基づく大統領布告に従って」
(2) (3)号は，次のとおりに読み替えて改正される。
「(3) 「有資格国」とは，合衆国以外の次の国を意味する。
(A) ウルグアイ・ラウンド合意法の制定日の後にWTOのメンバー国となった国
(B) 制定の日及びそれ以後に，ベルヌ条約の加盟国となった国
(C) WIPO著作権条約への加盟
(D) WIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約への加盟
(E) 制定日の後に，(g)項に基づく大統領布告に従うことになった国」
(3) (6)号中の，
(A) (C)(iii)において，セミコロンの後の「及び」を削除する。
(B) (D)の末尾において，ピリオドを削除し，「；及び」を挿入する。
(C) (D)の後に次のとおり加入する。
「(E) 著作物の原産国がWIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約への加盟の効果によってのみ有資格国となる場合には，音楽録音（a sound recording）である。」
(4) (8)号(B)(i)において，
(A) 「多数」の前に「その」を挿入し，
(B) 「有資格国の」を削除する。そして，
(5) (9)号を削除する。.
(d) 合衆国法典タイトル17の411条は，次のとおり改正される。
(1) (a)項において，「第一発行国が合衆国ではないベルヌ条約上の著作物の著作権侵害に対する訴訟」を削除し，そして，
(2) (a)項において，「合衆国」の後に，「著作権侵害に対するいかなる訴訟も」を挿入する。
(e) 合衆国法典タイトル17の507条(a)項は，「No」を削除し，「本タイトルにおいて明示に規定されている場合を除き，」を挿入して改正される。
SEC. 103. 著作権保護システム及び著作権管理情報
合衆国法典(United States Code)タイトル17は，次の新しい章を追加して改正される。
「第12章 著作権保護管理システム
条 項
1201 著作権保護システムの迂回
1202 著作権管理情報の完全性
1203 民事救済
1204 犯罪行為及び罰則
Sec. 1201. Circumvention of copyright protection systems 著作権保護システムの迂回
(a) 技術的保護措置の迂回に関連する侵害
(1) 何人も，本タイトルの下で保護される著作物へのアクセスを効果的にコントロールする技術的保護措置（a technological protection measure）を迂回（circumvent）してはならない。
(2) 何人も，
(A) 主として，本タイトルにより保護される著作物へのアクセスを効果的にコントロールする技術的保護措置を迂回する目的で設計もしくは製造された，
(B) 本タイトルにより保護される著作物へのアクセスを効果的にコントロールする技術的保護措置の迂回以外には商業的に意味のない限定された目的もしくは利用のみ（only limited commercially significant purpose or use）を有する，または，
(C) 本タイトルにより保護される著作物へのアクセスを効果的にコントロールする技術的保護措置を迂回する際に使用するための知識を持つ者によって，もしくは，そのような者と提携して行動する者によって販売される
技術，プロダクト，サービス，装置またはコンポーネントもしくはその一部を製造し，輸入し，公衆に提示し，提供し，その他の移転をしてはならない。
(3) 本項において用いるときは，
(A) 「技術的保護措置を迂回する（circumvent a technological protection measure）」 とは，著作権者から権限を得ることなしに，スクランブル化された著作物を逆スクランブル（descramble）し，暗号化された著作物を解読（descramble）し，その他の方法で技術的保護措置を回避し（avoid），バイパスを作り，削除し（remove），無効化し（deactivate），または，駄目にする（impair）ことを意味する。そして，
(B) 著作物へのアクセスの入手のために，この措置が，その通常の操作の過程において，著作権者の許諾を伴う情報，処理（process）もしくは取扱い（treatment）の適用を要求するのであれば，技術的保護措置は，「著作物へのアクセスを効果的にコントロール」している。
(b) その他の違反
(1) 何人も，
(A) 主として，著作物もしくはその一部に対する本タイトルによる著作者の権利を効果的に保護する技術的保護措置によって与えられる保護（protection afforded by a technological protection measure）を迂回する目的で設計または製造された，
(B) 著作物もしくはその一部に対する本タイトルによる著作者の権利を効果的に保護する技術的保護措置の迂回以外には商業的に意味のない限定された目的もしくは利用のみ（only limited commercially significant purpose or use）を有する，または，
(C) 著作物もしくはその一部に対する本タイトルによる著作者の権利を効果的に保護する技術的保護措置を迂回する際に使用するための知識を持つ者によって，もしくは，そのような者と提携して行動する者によって販売される
技術，プロダクト，サービス，装置またはコンポーネントもしくはその一部を製造し，輸入し，公衆に提示し，提供し，その他の移転をしてはならない。
(2) 本項において用いるときは，
(A) 「技術的保護措置によって与えられる保護を迂回する（circumvent protection afforded by a technological protection measure）」 とは，技術的保護措置を回避し（avoid），バイパスを作り，削除し（remove），無効化し（deactivate），または，その他の方法で駄目にする（impair）ことを意味する。そして，
(B) この措置が，その通常の操作の過程において，本タイトルによる著作者の権利が行使されることを排除し，禁止し，その他の方法で制限しているのであれば，技術的保護措置は，「著作者の権利を効果的に保護」している。
(c) 輸 入
(a)項もしくは(b)項に示す技術，プロダクト，サービス，装置またはコンポーネントもしくはその一部を合衆国に輸入し，輸入目的で販売し，または，保有者，輸入者もしくは受託者によって輸入された後に合衆国内において販売したときは，1930年関税法（the Tariff Act of 1930）337条（19 U.S.C. 1337）に基づく訴追の原因となる。
(d) 他の権利は影響を受けない
本条の規定は，フェア・ユースを含め，本タイトルに基づく権利，民事救済，著作権侵害の主張に対する抗弁に何らの影響も与えてはならない。
(e) 非営利の図書館，公文書館及び教育機関（nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution）における免除
(1) 著作権の保護を受ける商用の著作物へのアクセスを獲得する非営利の図書館，公文書館または教育機関は，本タイトルに基づいて許容される行為をする目的の場合に限り，著作物の複製（a copy）を入手するか否かの善意による決定（a good faith determination）をするためだけであれば，(a)項(1)号の違反とならない。本号に基づいてアクセスされた著作物の複製は，
(A) 当該善意による決定のために必要な以上に保持してはならない。
(B) 他の目的のために使用してはならない。
(2) (1)号によって可能となる免除は，当該著作物と同一の複製が他の形態では合理的に利用できない場合にのみ，著作物に関して適用される。
(3) 故意に，商業的利益もしくは財産的利益を獲得する目的で，(1)号の規定に違反した非営利の図書館，公文書館または教育機関は，
(A) 初犯の場合には，1203条に基づく民事救済に服さなければならない。
(B) 再犯以降の場合には，1203条に基づく民事救済に服することに加え，(1)号に規定する免除を喪失しなければならない。
(4) 本項は，(a)項(2)号もしくは(b)項に基づく訴訟における抗弁とすることができず，また，本項は，非営利の図書館，公文書館もしくは教育機関に対し，技術的保護措置を迂回するいかなる技術の製造，輸入，公衆への提示，提供，その他の移転をも許容するものでもない。
(5) 図書館もしくは公文書館が本項に基づく免除を与えられるためには，当該図書館もしくは公文書館のコレクションが
(A) 公衆に公開されているか，または，
(B) 図書館もしくは公文書館またはその付属施設に属する研究者だけではなく，専門領域における調査に従事する他の者にも利用可能
でなければならない。
(f) 法執行（Law Enforcement）及び諜報活動（Intelligence Activities）
本条は，合衆国，州もしくは州政府の公務員，代理人もしくは労働者，または，これらの機関との間の契約によって行動する者の適法な調査活動，防衛活動，または，諜報活動を制限するものではない。
Sec. 1202. 著作権管理情報の完全性
(a) 虚偽の著作権管理情報（false copyright management information）
何人といえども，故意に，
(1) 虚偽の著作権管理情報を提供してはならず，また，
(2) 侵害を誘発（induce）させ，可能（enable）にし，助長（facilitate）し，もしくは，隠蔽（conceal）する目的で， 虚偽の著作権管理情報を配布し，または，公衆に配布するために輸入してはならない。(b) 著作権管理情報の削除・改変
何人といえども，著作権者の許諾もしくは法律の定めによることなく，
(1) 故意に，著作権管理情報を削除もしくは改変してはならず，
(2) 著作権者の許諾もしくは法律の定めによることなく当該著作権管理情報が削除もしくは改変されたものであることを知りながら，著作権管理情報を配布し，または，配布のために輸入してはならず，また，
(3) 著作権者の許諾もしくは法律の定めによることなく削著作権管理情報が除もしくは改変されたものであることを知り，1203条に基づく民事救済を知り，もしくは，認識を持ち，それが本タイトルによる権利の侵害を誘発させ，可能にし，助長し，もしくは，隠蔽するであろうということを合理的に知ることができながら，著作物，著作物の複製（copies）もしくは音楽レコードを配布し，配布するために輸入し，または，公衆の前で実演してはならない。(c) 定 義 − 本章で用いるときは，「著作権管理情報 (Copyright Management Information)」は，デジタル形式のものを含め，著作物の複製もしくは音楽レコード，または，著作物の実演もしくは表示と結合して運版される次のいずれかの情報を意味する。
(1) 著作権表示（a notice of copyright）の中にある情報を含め，著作物を識別するための，タイトルその他の情報
(2) 著作者（the author of a work）の名前その他これを識別するための情報
(3) 著作権表示の中にある情報を含め，著作権者（the copyright owner of the work）の名前その他これを識別するための情報
(4) ラジオ放送局及びテレビ放送局による著作物の公演（public performances）の場合を除き，その実演がオーディオ・ビジュアル著作物以外の著作物中に固定された実演家（a performer）の名前その他の個人識別情報
(5) ラジオ放送局及びテレビ放送局による著作物の公演（public performances）の場合を除き，オーディオ・ビジュアル著作物以外の著作物中にクレジットされたライター（a writer），実演家（performer）またはディレクター（director）の名前その他の個人識別情報
(6) 当該情報を参照するための，または，当該情報へリンクするための，識別番号または記号
(7) その他著作権登録（the Register of Copyright）に必要な情報については，著作物のユーザに関する情報を含むのでない限り，規則によって定めることができる。
(d) 法執行及び諜報活動
本条は，合衆国，州もしくは州政府の法執行機関，または，合衆国の諜報機関の適法な権限に基づく調査活動，防衛活動，または，諜報活動を制限するものではない。
Sec. 1203. 民事救済
(a) 民事訴訟（Civil Actions）
1201条または1202条の侵害により被害を受けた者は，当該侵害行為に対して，適切な合衆国連邦地方裁判所(United States district court)において民事訴訟を提起することができる。
(b) 裁判所の権限 (Powers of the Courts) − (a)項に基づく民事訴訟においては，裁判所は，
(1) 侵害行為を禁止または制限するために，裁判所が合理的と思料する期間，一時的または永久的な差止命令(a temporary and a permanent injunction)を発することができる。
(2) 訴訟係属中はいつでも，被告である加害者が管理・制御する装置もしくはプロダクトであって，それが侵害行為に含まれると裁判所が合理的に疑うことができるものについて，裁判所が合理的と思料する期間，その押収を命ずることができる。
(3) (c)項に基づいて損害賠償を命ずることができる。
(4) 合衆国 (United States) もしくはその公務員を除き，当事者に対し，訴訟費用の弁償を命ずることができる。
(5) 勝訴当事者のために合理的な範囲内での弁護士費用の支払いを命ずることができる。
(6) 判決の一部として，もしくは，侵害行為の評決の段階で，加害者が管理・制御する装置もしくはプロダクト，または，(2)号の規定によって押収された装置もしくはプロダクトであって，侵害行為に含まれるものについて，民事救済として，その改変または破壊を命ずることができる。
(c) 損害賠償 (Award of Dameges)
(1) 一般規定 − 本章に異なる定めがある場合を除き，1201条または1202条に違反した者は，次のいずれかに対する責任がある。
(A) (2)号に規定するとおりの現実の損害額及び加害者の追加的利益額，または，
(B) (3)号に規定する法定損害額
(2) 現実の損害額 (Actual Damages)
判決期日前に原告が現実の損害額を選択したときは，裁判所は，原告に対し，当該侵害行為の結果として被った現実の損害額，加害者に帰属する利益で現実の損害額の計算に入れられないものについて，損害賠償請求を認めることができる。
(3) 法定損害賠償額 (Statutory Damages)
(A) 判決期日前の時点であれば，原告は，1201条の侵害行為に対する法定損害賠償額として，個々の迂回行為，装置，プロダクト，コンポーネント，サービスの提供または実演毎に，200ドル以上2,500ドル以下の範囲内において，裁判所が適切と判断する額の損害賠償請求を選択することができる。
(B) 判決期日前の時点であれば，原告は，1202条の侵害行為に対する法定損害賠償額として，2,500ドル以上25,000ドル以下の範囲内において，裁判所が適切と判断する額の損害賠償請求を選択することができる。
(4) 再度の侵害行為 (Repeated Violations)
当該加害者が別の機会の同種加害行為による判決期日から3年以内に1201条または1202条の侵害行為をしたものであると裁判所が判断したときは，裁判所は，損害賠償額の３倍を超えない金額の範囲内で，裁判所が適切と判断する額まで，損害賠償金額を増額することができる。
(5) 意図的でない侵害行為 (Innocent Violation)
(A) 一般規定 − 被告が侵害行為となることを認識せず，もしくは，そのように信ずべき合理性を有していなかったことを証明し，裁判所がそのように判断した場合においては，裁判所は，損害賠償額の総額を軽減し，または，免除することができる。
(B) 非営利図書館，公文書館または教育機関 − 被告が非営利図書館，公文書館または教育機関の場合には，非営利図書館，公文書館または教育機関が侵害行為となることを認識せず，もしくは，そのように信ずべき合理性を有していなかったことを証明し，裁判所がそのように判断したときは，裁判所は，損害賠償額の支払を免除しなければならない。
Sec. 1204. 犯罪行為及び罰則
(a) 一般規定 − 故意に，商業的利益もしくは個人的資産の獲得を目的として，1201条または1202条の規定に違反した者は，
(1) 初犯の場合には，500,000ドル以下の罰金もしくは5年以下の拘禁刑，または，その両方の刑に処する。
(2) 再犯以上の場合には，1,000,000ドル以下の罰金もしくは10年以下の拘禁刑，または，その両方の刑に処する。
(b) 非営利図書館，公文書館または教育機関における免除
(a)項の規定は，非営利の図書館，公文書館または教育機関に対しては適用しない。
(c) 制限規定
本タイトルの507条(a)項の規定にかかわらず，訴訟原因の発生の時から5年以内に公訴手続がとられないときは，(a)項に基づく公訴手続を維持することができない。」
SEC. 104. CONFORMING AMENDMENT.
合衆国法典（United States Code）タイトル17の章目次は，その末尾に次のとおり追加して改正される。
「1201」
SEC. 105. EFFECTIVE DATE.
(a) 一般規定 − (b)項の規定に従い，本タイトルによってなされる改正は，本法の成立と同時に発効する。
(b) 一定の国際的合意に関連する改正
(1) 以下は，WIPO著作権条約が合衆国に関して発効した時に発効する。
(A) 本法102条(a)項(4)号による改正後の合衆国法典タイトル17の101条に含まれる「国際的合意（international agreement）」の定義の(5)号
(B) 本法102条(a)項(6)号による改正
(C) 本法102条(c)項(1)号による改正後の合衆国法典タイトル17の104条A(h)項(1)号(C)
(D) 本法102条(c)項(2)号による改正後の合衆国法典タイトル17の104条A(h)項(3)号(C)
(2) 以下は，WIPO実演及び音楽レコード条約が合衆国に関して発効した時に発効する。
(A) 本法102条(a)項(4)号による改正後の合衆国法典タイトル17の101条に含まれる「国際的合意（international agreement）」の定義の(6)号
(B) 本法102条(a)項(7)号による改正
(C) 本法102条(b)項(2)号による改正
(D) 本法102条(c)項(1)号による改正後の合衆国法典タイトル17の104条A(h)項(1)号(D)
(E) 本法102条(c)項(2)号による改正後の合衆国法典タイトル17の104条A(h)項(3)号(D)
(F) 本法102条(c)項(3)号による改正
TITLE II オンラインによる著作権侵害の責任制限
SEC. 201. 略 称
本タイトルは，「オンライン著作権侵害責任制限法（On-Line Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act）」として引用することができる。
SEC. 202. 著作権侵害に対する責任の制限
(a) 一般規定 − 合衆国法典タイトル17の5章は，511条の後に次の新しい条を追加して改正される。
「Sec. 512. オンライン・マテリアルに関する責任の制限
(a) 責任制限 106条の規定にかかわらず，プロバイダは，次の責任を負わない。
(1) 当該プロバイダによって，または，そのために管理・運営されているシステムもしくはネットワークを介してなされ，次のいずれかに該当するマテリアル（material）の一時記憶(intermediate storage)及び転送（transmission）のみに基づく直接侵害責任（direct infringement）
(A) 転送が他の者によってなされる場合
(B) プロバイダによってマテリアルの選択がなされる場合を除き，記憶及び転送が自動的な技術的処理(automatic technological process)によってなされる場合
(C) no copy of the material thereby made by the provider is maintained on the provider's system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to anyone other than the recipients anticipated by the person who initiated the transmission, and no such copy is maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to such recipients for a longer period than is reasonably necessary for the transmission;
(2) (1)号に規定する行為にのみ基づく504条または505条に基づく寄与責任（contributory infringement）または代償責任（vicarious liability）としての金銭賠償；または，
(3) プロバイダが以下に該当する場合の，(1)号に規定する行為以外のプロバイダのシステムもしくはネットワーク上のマテリアルに対する転送または提供アクセスにのみ基づく504条または505条に基づく寄与責任または代償責任としての金銭賠償
(A) 当該マテリアルが著作権侵害であることを示す情報を現に認識していない場合，または，そのような現実の認識がない場合において，侵害行為が現れていることを示す事実ないし環境に気付かない場合であり，かつ，
(B) プロバイダがそのような行為をコントロールするための権利及び能力を有する場合には，侵害行為の直接的な結果としての金銭的利益を得ていない場合
(b) プライバシーの保護
(a)項の規定は，プロバイダに対し，(a)項適用の要件として，次のことを求めるものと解釈されてはならない。
(1) 著作権侵害であることを示す情報のモニターその他の探索
(2) 当該行為が法律によって禁止されている場合において，マテリアルへのアクセス，マテリアルの削除，マテリアルへのアクセス禁止措置
(c) 著作権侵害マテリアルの削除またはアクセス禁止に基づく制限
プロバイダは，当該マテリアルもしくは行為が著作権を侵害するものであると否とを問わず，著作権侵害である旨の訴えのあったマテリアルについてプロバイダが誠実にアクセス禁止措置もしくは削除措置を講じたことを理由にして，または，それが著作権侵害であることを示す事実もしくは環境が現れていることを理由にして，他人に対し，責任を負うことはない。
(d) 影響を受けないその他の抗弁
プロバイダがオンライン転送するマテリアル，もしくは，プロバイダが提供するオンライン・アクセスの削除またはアクセス禁止，あるいは，それらの行為の失敗については，裁判所は，107条の規定その他の法律に基づいて認められている侵害の対する抗弁として判断することを妨げられてはならない。
(e) 虚偽の表示
故意に，実質的に，プロバイダに対し，オンライン・マテリアルが著作権侵害であるとの虚偽の表示をした者は，プロバイダ，侵害者であるとして訴追された者，または，著作権者もしくは著作権者からライセンスを受けた者であって，当該虚偽の表示のために被害を受けた者，あるいは，当該虚偽の表示をプロバイダ信用して著作権侵害であるとされたマテリアルの削除もしくはアクセス禁止をしたために被害を受けた者に対して，訴訟費用及び弁護士報酬を含めた損害賠償責任を負わなければならない。
(f) 定 義 − 本条で用いるときは， 「プロバイダ（provider）」は，オンライン・サービスまたはネットワーク・アクセスの提供者（provider）を意味する。
(b) 形式的改正 − 合衆国法典タイトル17の5章の条項目次は，その末尾に次のとおり追加して改正される。
512. オンライン・マテリアルに関する責任の制限」
SEC. 203. 排他的権利の制限：コンピュータ・プログラム
合衆国法典（United States Code）タイトル17の117条は，次のとおり改正される。,
(1) 「Notwithstanding」を削除し，次のとおり挿入する。(a) MAKING OF ADDITIONAL COPY OR ADAPTATION BY OWNER OF COPY- Notwithstanding';
(2) 「Any exact」を削除し，次のとおり挿入する。
(b) LEASE, SALE, OR OTHER TRANSFER OF ADDITIONAL COPY OR ADAPTATION- Any exact'; and
(3) 末尾に，次のとおり挿入する。
(c) MACHINE MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR- Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner or lessee of a machine to make or authorize the making of a copy of a computer program if such copy is made solely by virtue of the activation of a machine that lawfully contains an authorized copy of the computer program, for purposes only of maintenance or repair of that machine, if--
(1) such new copy is used in no other manner and is destroyed immediately after the maintenance or repair is completed; and
(2) with respect to any computer program or part thereof that is not necessary for that machine to be activated, such program or part thereof is not accessed or used other than to make such new copy by virtue of the activation of the machine.(d) 定義 − 本条においては，
(1) 機械の「メンテナンス（maintenance）」とは，当初の性能に従って仕事をさせるようにするサービス及び当該機械に与えられている性能を変更させるサービスである。そして，
(2) 機械の「修理（repair）」とは，当初の性能に従って仕事をさせるようにする復元（restore）及び当該機械に与えられている性能を変更させる復元（restore）である。
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the `Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998'.
SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Sec. 1. Short title.
Sec. 2. Table of contents.
TITLE I--WIPO TREATIES IMPLEMENTATION
Sec. 101. Short title.
Sec. 102. Circumvention of copyright protection systems.
Sec. 103. Integrity of copyright management information.
Sec. 104. Civil remedies.
Sec. 105. Criminal offenses and penalties.
Sec. 106. Savings clause.
Sec. 107. Development and implementation of technological protection measures.
Sec. 108. Technical amendments.
Sec. 109. Effective date.
TITLE II--INTERNET COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY
Sec. 201. Short title.
Sec. 202. Limitations on liability for Internet copyright infringement.
Sec. 203. Limitations on exclusive rights; computer programs.
Sec. 204. Liability of educational institutions for online infringement of copyright.
Sec. 205. Evaluation of impact of copyright law and amendments on electronic commerce and technological development.
Sec. 206. Effective date.
TITLE III--EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS; DISTANCE EDUCATION; EXEMPTION FOR LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES
Sec. 301. Ephemeral recordings.
Sec. 302. Limitations on exclusive rights; distance education.
Sec. 303. Exemption for libraries and archives.
TITLE IV--RELATED PROVISIONS
Sec. 401. Report by National Telecommunications and Information Administration.
TITLE I--WIPO TREATIES IMPLEMENTATION
SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the `WIPO Copyright Treaties Implementation Act'.
SEC. 102. CIRCUMVENTION OF COPYRIGHT PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
(a) VIOLATIONS REGARDING CIRCUMVENTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES-
(1)
(A) The Secretary of Commerce shall issue regulations prohibiting any person from circumventing a technological protection measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under title 17, United States Code, to the extent provided in this subsection, effective at the end of the 2-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act.
(B) During the 2-year period described in subparagraph (A), and in each succeeding 2-year period, the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, and the Register of Copyrights, shall conduct a rulemaking on the record to determine whether users of copyrighted works have been, or are likely to be in the succeeding 2-year period, adversely affected by the implementation of technological protection measures that effectively control access to works protected under title 17, United States Code, in their ability to make lawful uses under title 17, United States Code, of copyrighted works. In conducting such rulemaking, the Secretary shall examine--(i) the availability for use of copyrighted works;
(ii) the availability for use of works for archival, preservation, and educational purposes;
(iii) the impact of the application of technological protection measures to copyrighted works on criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research;
(iv) the effect of circumvention of technological protection measures on the market for or value of copyrighted works; and
(v) such other factors as the Secretary, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information, the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, and the Register of Copyrights, considers appropriate.(C) The Secretary, with respect to each particular class of copyrighted works for which the Secretary has determined, pursuant to the rulemaking conducted under subparagraph (B), that lawful uses have been, or are likely to be, adversely affected, shall waive the applicability of the regulations issued under subparagraph (A) for the ensuing 2-year period. The determinations made in the rulemaking shall not be admissible in any action to enforce any provision of this Act other than this paragraph.
(2) No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that--
(A) is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing a technological protection measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under title 17, United States Code;
(B) has only limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent a technological protection measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under title 17, United States Code; or
(C) is marketed by that person or another acting in concert with that person with that person's knowledge for use in circumventing a technological protection measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under title 17, United States Code.(3) As used in this subsection--
(A) to `circumvent a technological protection measure' means to descramble a scrambled work, to decrypt an encrypted work, or otherwise to avoid, bypass, remove, deactivate, or impair a technological protection measure, without the authority of the copyright owner; and
(B) a technological protection measure `effectively controls access to a work' if the measure, in the ordinary course of its operation, requires the application of information, or a process or a treatment, with the authority of the copyright owner, to gain access to the work.(b) ADDITIONAL VIOLATIONS-
(1) No person shall manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof, that--
(A) is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of circumventing protection afforded by a technological protection measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under title 17, United States Code, in a work or a portion thereof;
(B) has only limited commercially significant purpose or use other than to circumvent protection afforded by a technological protection measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under title 17, United States Code, in a work or a portion thereof; or
(C) is marketed by that person or another acting in concert with that person with that person's knowledge for use in circumventing protection afforded by a technological protection measure that effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under title 17, United States Code, in a work or a portion thereof.(2) As used in this subsection--
(A) to `circumvent protection afforded by a technological protection measure' means avoiding, bypassing, removing, deactivating, or otherwise impairing a technological protection measure; and
(B) a technological protection measure `effectively protects a right of a copyright owner under title 17, United States Code' if the measure, in the ordinary course of its operation, prevents, restricts, or otherwise limits the exercise of a right of a copyright owner under title 17, United States Code.(c) OTHER RIGHTS, ETC., NOT AFFECTED-
(1) Nothing in this section shall affect rights, remedies, limitations, or defenses to copyright infringement, including fair use, under title 17, United States Code.
(2) Nothing in this section shall enlarge or diminish vicarious or contributory liability for copyright infringement in connection with any technology, product, service, device, component, or part thereof.
(3) Nothing in this section shall require that the design of, or design and selection of parts and components for, a consumer electronics, telecommunications, or computing product provide for a response to any particular technological protection measure.
(4) Nothing in this section shall enlarge or diminish any rights of free speech or the press for activities using consumer electronics, telecommunications, or computing products.(d) EXEMPTION FOR NONPROFIT LIBRARIES, ARCHIVES, AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS-
(1) A nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution which gains access to a commercially exploited copyrighted work solely in order to make a good faith determination of whether to acquire a copy of that work for the sole purpose of engaging in conduct permitted under title 17, United States Code, shall not be in violation of the regulations issued under subsection (a)(1)(A). A copy of a work to which access has been gained under this paragraph--
(A) may not be retained longer than necessary to make such good faith determination; and
(B) may not be used for any other purpose.(2) The exemption made available under paragraph (1) shall only apply with respect to a work when an identical copy of that work is not reasonably available in another form.
(3) A nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution that willfully for the purpose of commercial advantage or financial gain violates paragraph (1)--(A) shall, for the first offense, be subject to the civil remedies under section 104; and
(B) shall, for repeated or subsequent offenses, in addition to the civil remedies under section 104, forfeit the exemption provided under paragraph (1).(4) This subsection may not be used as a defense to a claim under subsection (a)(2) or (b), nor may this subsection permit a nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution to manufacture, import, offer to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, component, or part thereof, which circumvents a technological protection measure.
(5) In order for a library or archives to qualify for the exemption under this subsection, the collections of that library or archives shall be--(A) open to the public; or
(B) available not only to researchers affiliated with the library or archives or with the institution of which it is a part, but also to other persons doing research in a specialized field.(e) LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES- This section does not prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of an officer, agent, or employee of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or a person acting pursuant to a contract with the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State.
(f) REVERSE ENGINEERING-(1) Notwithstanding the regulations issued under subsection (a)(1)(A), a person who has lawfully obtained the right to use a copy of a computer program may circumvent a technological protection measure that effectively controls access to a particular portion of that program for the sole purpose of identifying and analyzing those elements of the program that are necessary to achieve interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and that have not previously been readily available to the person engaging in the circumvention, to the extent any such acts of identification and analysis do not constitute infringement under title 17, United States Code.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a)(2) and (b), a person may develop and employ technological means to circumvent a technological protection measure, or to circumvent protection afforded by a technological protection measure, in order to make the identification and analysis permitted under paragraph (1), or for the limited purpose of achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, if such means are necessary to achieve such interoperability, to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under title 17, United States Code.
(3) The information acquired through the acts permitted under paragraph (1), and the means permitted under paragraph (2), may be made available to others if the person referred to in paragraph (1) or (2), as the case may be, provides such information or means solely for the purpose of achieving interoperability of an independently created computer program with other programs, and to the extent that doing so does not constitute infringement under title 17, United States Code, or violate other applicable law.
(4) For purposes of this subsection, the term `interoperability' means the ability of computer programs to exchange information, and of such programs mutually to use the information which has been exchanged.(g) ENCRYPTION RESEARCH-
(1) DEFINITIONS- For purposes of this subsection--
(A) the term `encryption research' means activities necessary to identify and analyze flaws and vulnerabilities of encryption technologies applied to copyrighted works, if these activities are conducted to advance the state of knowledge in the field of encryption technology or to assist in the development of encryption products; and
(B) the term `encryption technology' means the scrambling and descrambling of information using mathematical formulas or algorithms.(2) PERMISSIBLE ACTS OF ENCRYPTION RESEARCH- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), it is not a violation of the regulations issued under that subsection for a person to circumvent a technological protection measure as applied to a copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of a published work in the course of an act of good faith encryption research if--
(A) the person lawfully obtained the encrypted copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of the published work;
(B) such act is necessary to conduct such encryption research;
(C) the person made a good faith effort to obtain authorization before the circumvention; and
(D) such act does not constitute infringement under title 17, United States Code, or a violation of applicable law other than this section, including section 1030 of title 18, United States Code, and those provisions of title 18, United States Code, amended by the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986.(3) FACTORS IN DETERMINING EXEMPTION- In determining whether a person qualifies for the exemption under paragraph (2), the factors to be considered shall include-
(A) whether the information derived from the encryption research was disseminated, and if so, whether it was disseminated in a manner reasonably calculated to advance the state of knowledge or development of encryption technology, versus whether it was disseminated in a manner that facilitates infringement under title 17, United States Code, or a violation of applicable law other than this section, including a violation of privacy or breach of security;
(B) whether the person is engaged in a legitimate course of study, is employed, or is appropriately trained or experienced, in the field of encryption technology; and
(C) whether the person provides the copyright owner of the work to which the technological protection measure is applied with notice of the findings and documentation of the research, and the time when such notice is provided.(4) USE OF TECHNOLOGICAL MEANS FOR RESEARCH ACTIVITIES- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(2), it is not a violation of that subsection for a person to--
(A) develop and employ technological means to circumvent a technological protection measure for the sole purpose of performing the acts of good faith encryption research described in paragraph (2); and
(B) provide the technological means to another person with whom he or she is working collaboratively for the purpose of conducting the acts of good faith encryption research described in paragraph (2) or for the purpose of having that other person verify his or her acts of good faith encryption research described in paragraph (2).(5) REPORT TO CONGRESS- Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information shall report to the Congress on the effect this subsection has had on--
(A) encryption research and the development of encryption technology;
(B) the adequacy and effectiveness of technological protection for copyrighted works; and
(C) protection of copyright owners against the unauthorized access to their encrypted copyrighted works.
The Assistant Secretary shall include in such report recommendations, if any, on proposed amendments to this Act.(h) COMPONENTS OR PARTS TO PREVENT ACCESS OF MINORS TO THE INTERNET- In applying subsection (a) and the regulations issued under subsection (a)(1)(A) to a component or part, the court may consider the necessity for its intended and actual incorporation in a technology, product, service, or device, which--
(1) does not itself violate the provisions of title 17, United States Code; and
(2) has the sole purpose to prevent the access of minors to material on the Internet.(i) PROTECTION OF PERSONALLY IDENTIFYING INFORMATION-
(1) CIRCUMVENTION PERMITTED- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a)(1)(A), it is not a violation of the regulations issued under that subsection for a person to circumvent a technological protection measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under title 17, United States Code, if--
(A) the technological protection measure, or the work it protects, contains the capability of collecting or disseminating personally identifying information reflecting the online activities of a natural
person who seeks to gain access to the work protected;
(B) in the normal course of its operation, the technological protection measure, or the work it protects, collects or disseminates personally identifying information about the person who seeks to gain access to the work protected, without providing conspicuous notice of such collection or dissemination to such person, and without providing such person with the capability to prevent or restrict such collection or dissemination;
(C) the act of circumvention has the sole effect of identifying and disabling the capability described in subparagraph (A), and has no other effect on the ability of any person to gain access to any work; and
(D) the act of circumvention is carried out solely for the purpose of preventing the collection or dissemination of personally identifying information about a natural person who seeks to gain access to the work protected, and is not in violation of any other law.(2) INAPPLICABILITY TO CERTAIN TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES- This subsection does not apply to a technological protection measure, or a work it protects, that does not collect or
disseminate personally identifying information and that is disclosed to a user as not having or using such capability.
SEC. 103. INTEGRITY OF COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION.
(a) FALSE COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION- No person shall knowingly and with the intent to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement--
(1) provide copyright management information that is false, or
(2) distribute or import for distribution copyright management information that is false.(b) REMOVAL OR ALTERATION OF COPYRIGHT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION- No person shall, without the authority of the copyright owner or the law--
(1) intentionally remove or alter any copyright management information,
(2) distribute or import for distribution copyright management information knowing that the copyright management information has been removed or altered without authority of the copyright owner or the law, or
(3) distribute, import for distribution, or publicly perform works, copies of works, or phonorecords, knowing that copyright management information has been removed or altered without authority of the copyright owner or the law,
knowing, or, with respect to civil remedies under section 104, having reasonable grounds to know, that it will induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal an infringement of any right under title 17, United States Code.(c) DEFINITIONS- As used in this section--
(1) the terms `distribute', `publicly perform', `copies', and `phonorecords' have the meanings given those terms in title 17, United States Code; and
(2) the term `copyright management information' means any of the following information conveyed in connection with copies or phonorecords of a work or performances or displays of a work, including in digital form, except that such term does not include any personally identifying information about a user of a work or of a copy, phonorecord, performance, or display of a work:(A) The title and other information identifying the work, including the information set forth on a notice of copyright.
(B) The name of, and other identifying information about, the author of a work.
(C) The name of, and other identifying information about, the copyright owner of the work, including the information set forth in a notice of copyright.
(D) With the exception of public performances of works by radio and television broadcast stations, the name of, and other identifying information about, a performer whose performance is fixed in a work other than an audiovisual work.
(E) With the exception of public performances of works by radio and television broadcast stations, in the case of an audiovisual work, the name of, and other identifying information about, a writer, performer, or director who is credited in the audiovisual work.
(F) Terms and conditions for use of the work.
(G) Identifying numbers or symbols referring to such information or links to such information.
(H) Such other information as the Register of Copyrights may prescribe by regulation, except that the Register of Copyrights may not require the provision of any information concerning the user of a copyrighted work.(d) LAW ENFORCEMENT AND INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES- This section does not prohibit any lawfully authorized investigative, protective, or intelligence activity of an officer, agent, or employee of the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State, or a person acting pursuant to a contract with the United States, a State, or a political subdivision of a State.
(e) LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY-(1) ANALOG TRANSMISSIONS- In the case of an analog transmission, a person who is making transmissions in its capacity as a broadcast station, or as a cable system (as defined in section 602 of the Communications Act of 1934), or someone who provides programming to such station or system, shall not be liable for a violation of subsection (b) if--
(A) avoiding the activity that constitutes such violation is not technically feasible or would create an undue financial hardship on such person; and
(B) such person did not intend, by engaging in such activity, to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under title 17, United States Code.(2) DIGITAL TRANSMISSIONS-
(A) If a digital transmission standard for the placement of copyright management information for a category of works is set in a voluntary, consensus standard-setting process involving a representative cross-section of broadcast stations or cable systems and copyright owners of a category of works that are intended for public performance by such stations or systems, a person identified in paragraph (1) shall not be liable for a violation of subsection (b) with respect to the particular copyright management information addressed by such standard if--
(i) the placement of such information by someone other than such person is not in accordance with such standard; and
(ii) the activity that constitutes such violation is not intended to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under title 17, United States Code.(B) Until a digital transmission standard has been set pursuant to subparagraph (A) with respect to the placement of copyright management information for a category or works, a person identified in paragraph (1) shall not be liable for a violation of subsection (b) with respect to such copyright management information, if the activity that constitutes such violation is not intended to induce, enable, facilitate, or conceal infringement of a right under title 17, United States Code, and if--
(i) the transmission of such information by such person would result in a perceptible visual or aural degradation of the digital signal; or
(ii) the transmission of such information by such person would conflict with--(I) an applicable government regulation relating to transmission of information in a digital signal;
(II) an applicable industry-wide standard relating to the transmission of information in a digital signal that was adopted by a voluntary consensus standards body prior to the effective date of this title; or
(III) an applicable industry-wide standard relating to the transmission of information in a digital signal that was adopted in a voluntary, consensus standards-setting process open to participation by a representative cross-section of broadcast stations or cable systems and copyright owners of a category of works that are intended for public performance by such stations or systems.(3) DEFINITIONS- As used in this subsection--
(A) the term `broadcast station' has the meaning given that term in section 3 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 153)); and
(B) the term `cable system' has the meaning given that term in section 602 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 522)).
SEC. 104. CIVIL REMEDIES.
(a) CIVIL ACTIONS- Any person injured by a violation of section 102 or 103, or of any regulation issued under section 102(a)(1), may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district court for such violation.
(b) POWERS OF THE COURT- In an action brought under subsection (a), the court--(1) may grant temporary and permanent injunctions on such terms as it deems reasonable to prevent or restrain a violation, but in no event shall impose a prior restraint on free speech or the press protected under the 1st amendment to the Constitution;
(2) at any time while an action is pending, may order the impounding, on such terms as it deems reasonable, of any device or product that is in the custody or control of the alleged violator and that the court has reasonable cause to believe was involved in a violation;
(3) may award damages under subsection (c);
(4) in its discretion may allow the recovery of costs by or against any party other than the United States or an officer thereof;
(5) in its discretion may award reasonable attorney's fees to the prevailing party; and
(6) may, as part of a final judgment or decree finding a violation, order the remedial modification or the destruction of any device or product involved in the violation that is in the custody or control of the violator or has been impounded under paragraph (2).(c) AWARD OF DAMAGES-
(1) IN GENERAL- Except as otherwise provided in this title, a person committing a violation of section 102 or 103, or of any regulation issued under section 102(a)(1), is liable for either--
(A) the actual damages and any additional profits of the violator, as provided in paragraph (2), or
(B) statutory damages, as provided in paragraph (3).(2) ACTUAL DAMAGES- The court shall award to the complaining party the actual damages suffered by the party as a result of the violation, and any profits of the violator that are attributable to the violation and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages, if the complaining party elects such damages at any time before final judgment is entered.
(3) STATUTORY DAMAGES-(A) At any time before final judgment is entered, a complaining party may elect to recover an award of statutory damages for each violation of section 102, or of a regulation issued under section 102(a)(1), in the sum of not less than $200 or more than $2,500 per act of circumvention, device, product, component, offer, or performance of service, as the court considers just.
(B) At any time before final judgment is entered, a complaining party may elect to recover an award of statutory damages for each violation of section 103 in the sum of not less than $2,500 or more than $25,000.(4) REPEATED VIOLATIONS- In any case in which the injured party sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that a person has violated section 102 or 103, or any regulation issued under section 102(a)(1), within three years after a final judgment was entered against the person for another such violation, the court may increase the award of damages up to triple the amount that would otherwise be awarded, as the court considers just.
(5) Innocent violations-(A) IN GENERAL- The court in its discretion may reduce or remit the total award of damages in any case in which the violator sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that the violator was not aware and had no reason to believe that its acts constituted a violation.
(B) NONPROFIT LIBRARY, ARCHIVES, OR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS- In the case of a nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution, the court shall remit damages in any case in which the library, archives, or educational institution sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that the library, archives, or educational institution was not aware and had no reason to believe that its acts constituted a violation.
SEC. 105. CRIMINAL OFFENSES AND PENALTIES.
(a) IN GENERAL- Any person who violates section 102 or 103, or any regulation issued under section 102(a)(1), willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain
(1) shall be fined not more than $500,000 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both, for the first offense; and
(2) shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both, for any subsequent offense.(b) LIMITATION FOR NONPROFIT LIBRARY, ARCHIVES, OR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION- Subsection (a) shall not apply to a nonprofit library, archives, or educational institution.
(c) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS- No criminal proceeding shall be brought under this section unless such proceeding is commenced within five years after the cause of action arose.
SEC. 106. SAVINGS CLAUSE.
Nothing in this title abrogates, diminishes, or weakens the provisions of, nor provides any defense or element of mitigation in a criminal prosecution or civil action under, any Federal or State law that prevents the violation of the privacy of an individual in connection with the individual's use of the Internet.
SEC. 107. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES.
(a) STATEMENT OF CONGRESSIONAL POLICY AND OBJECTIVE- It is the sense of the Congress that technological protection measures play a crucial role in safeguarding the interests of both copyright owners and lawful users of copyrighted works in digital formats, by facilitating lawful uses of such works while protecting the private property interests of holders of rights under title 17, United States Code. Accordingly, the expeditious implementation of such measures, developed by the private sector through voluntary industry-led processes, is a key factor in realizing the full benefits of making available copyrighted works through digital networks, including the benefits set forth in this section.
(b) TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES- The technological protection measures referred to in subsection (a) shall include, but not be limited to, those which--(1) enable nonprofit libraries, for nonprofit purposes, to continue to lend to library users copies or phonorecords that such libraries have lawfully acquired, including the lending of such copies or phonorecords in digital formats in a manner that prevents infringement;
(2) effectively protect against the infringement of exclusive rights under title 17, United States Code, and facilitate the exercise of those exclusive rights; and
(3) promote the development and implementation of diverse methods, mechanisms, and arrangements in the marketplace for making available copyrighted works in digital formats which provide opportunities for individual members of the public to make lawful uses of copyrighted works in digital formats.(c) PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING TECHNOLOGICAL PROTECTION MEASURES- The technological protection measures whose development and implementation the Congress anticipates are those which--
(1) are developed pursuant to a broad consensus in an open, fair, voluntary, and multi-industry process;
(2) are made available on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms; and
(3) do not impose substantial costs or burdens on copyright owners or on manufacturers of hardware or software used in conjunction with copyrighted works in digital formats.(d) OVERSIGHT AND REPORTING-
(1) The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information and the Register of Copyrights, shall review the impact of the enactment of section 102 of this Act on the access of individual users to copyrighted works in digital formats and shall report annually thereon to the Committees on Commerce and on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committees on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and on the Judiciary of the Senate.
(2) Each report under paragraph (1) shall address the following issues:
(A) The status of the development and implementation of technological protection measures, including measures that advance the objectives of this section, and the effectiveness of technological
protection measures in protecting the private property interests of copyright owners under title 17, United States Code.(B) The degree to which individual lawful users of copyrighted works--
(i) have access to the Internet and digital networks generally;
(ii) are dependent upon such access for their use of copyrighted works;
(iii) have available to them other channels for obtaining and using copyrighted works, other than the Internet and digital networks generally;
(iv) are required to pay copyright owners or intermediaries for each lawful use of copyrighted works in digital formats to which they have access; and
(v) are able to utilize nonprofit libraries to obtain access, through borrowing without payment by the user, to copyrighted works in digital formats.(C) The degree to which infringement of copyrighted works in digital formats is occurring.
(D) Whether and the extent to which section 102, and the regulations issued under section 102(a)(1), are asserted as a basis for liability in claims brought against persons conducting research and
development, including reverse engineering of copyrighted works, and the extent to which such claims constitute a serious impediment to the development and production of competitive goods and services.
(E) The degree to which individual users of copyrighted materials in digital formats are able effectively to protect themselves against the use of technological protection measures to carry out or facilitate the undisclosed collection and dissemination of personally identifying information concerning the access to and use of such materials by such users.
(F) Such other issues as the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information and the Register of Copyrights, identifies as relevant to the impact of the enactment of section 102 on the access of individual users to copyrighted works in digital formats.(3) The first report under this subsection shall be submitted not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and the last such report shall be submitted not later than three years after the date of the enactment of this Act.
(4) The reports under this subsection may include such recommendations for additional legislative action as the Secretary of Commerce and the Register of Copyrights consider advisable in order to further the objectives of this section.
SEC. 108. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.
(a) DEFINITIONS- Section 101 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) by striking the definition of `Berne Convention work';
(2) in the definition of `The `country of origin' of a Berne Convention work'--(A) by striking `The `country of origin' of a Berne Convention work, for purposes of section 411, is the United States if' and inserting `For purposes of section 411, a work is a `United States work' only if';
(B) in paragraph (1)--(i) in subparagraph (B) by striking `nation or nations adhering to the Berne Convention' and inserting `treaty party or parties';
(ii) in subparagraph (C) by striking `does not adhere to the Berne Convention' and inserting `is not a treaty party'; and
(iii) in subparagraph (D) by striking `does not adhere to the Berne Convention' and inserting `is not a treaty party'; and(C) in the matter following paragraph (3) by striking `For the purposes of section 411, the `country of origin' of any other Berne Convention work is not the United States.';
(3) by inserting after the definition of `fixed' the following:
`The `Geneva Phonograms Convention' is the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms, concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on October 29, 1971.';
(4) by inserting after the definition of `including' the following:
`An `international agreement' is--
`(1) the Universal Copyright Convention;
`(2) the Geneva Phonograms Convention;
`(3) the Berne Convention;
`(4) the WTO Agreement;
`(5) the WIPO Copyright Treaty;
`(6) the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; and
`(7) any other copyright treaty to which the United States is a party.';(5) by inserting after the definition of `transmit' the following:
`A `treaty party' is a country or intergovernmental organization other than the United States that is a party to an international agreement.';
(6) by inserting after the definition of `widow' the following:
`The `WIPO Copyright Treaty' is the WIPO Copyright Treaty concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on December 20, 1996.';
(7) by inserting after the definition of `The `WIPO Copyright Treaty' the following:
`The `WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty' is the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty concluded at Geneva, Switzerland, on December 20, 1996.'; and
(8) by inserting after the definition of `work made for hire' the following:
`The terms `WTO Agreement' and `WTO member country' have the meanings given those terms in paragraphs (9) and (10), respectively, of section 2 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act.'.
(b) SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT; NATIONAL ORIGIN- Section 104 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in subsection (b)--
(A) in paragraph (1) by striking `foreign nation that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the United States is also a party' and inserting `treaty party';
(B) in paragraph (2) by striking `party to the Universal Copyright Convention' and inserting `treaty party';
(C) by redesignating paragraph (5) as paragraph (6);
(D) by redesignating paragraph (3) as paragraph (5) and inserting it after paragraph (4);
(E) by inserting after paragraph (2) the following:`(3) the work is a sound recording that was first fixed in a treaty party; or';
(F) in paragraph (4) by striking `Berne Convention work' and inserting `pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work that is incorporated in a building or other structure, or an architectural work that is embodied in a building and the building or structure is located in the United States or a treaty party'; and
(G) by inserting after paragraph (6), as so redesignated, the following:
`For purposes of paragraph (2), a work that is published in the United States or a treaty party within 30 days after publication in a foreign nation that is not a treaty party shall be considered to be first published in the United States or such treaty party, as the case may be.'; and(2) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
`(d) EFFECT OF PHONOGRAMS TREATIES- Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b), no works other than sound recordings shall be eligible for protection under this title solely by virtue of the adherence of
the United States to the Geneva Phonograms Convention or the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.'.(c) COPYRIGHT IN RESTORED WORKS- Section 104A(h) of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in paragraph (1), by striking subparagraphs (A) and (B) and inserting the following:
`(A) a nation adhering to the Berne Convention;
`(B) a WTO member country;
`(C) a nation adhering to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;
`(D) a nation adhering to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or
`(E) subject to a Presidential proclamation under subsection (g).';(2) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows
`(3) The term `eligible country' means a nation, other than the United States, that--
`(A) becomes a WTO member country after the date of the enactment of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act;
`(B) on such date of enactment is, or after such date of enactment becomes, a nation adhering to the Berne Convention;
`(C) adheres to the WIPO Copyright Treaty;
`(D) adheres to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty; or
`(E) after such date of enactment becomes subject to a proclamation under subsection (g).';(3) in paragraph (6)--
(A) in subparagraph (C)(iii) by striking `and' after the semicolon;
(B) at the end of subparagraph (D) by striking the period and inserting `; and'; and
(C) by adding after subparagraph (D) the following:`(E) if the source country for the work is an eligible country solely by virtue of its adherence to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, is a sound recording.';
(4) in paragraph (8)(B)(i)--
(A) by inserting `of which' before `the majority'; and
(B) by striking `of eligible countries'; and(5) by striking paragraph (9).
(d) REGISTRATION AND INFRINGEMENT ACTIONS- Section 411(a) of title 17, United States Code, is amended in the first sentence--
(1) by striking `actions for infringement of copyright in Berne Convention works whose country of origin is not the United States and'; and
(2) by inserting `United States' after `no action for infringement of the copyright in any'.(e) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS- Section 507(a) of title 17, United State Code, is amended by striking `No' and inserting `Except as expressly provided otherwise in this title, no'.
SEC. 109. EFFECTIVE DATE.
(a) IN GENERAL- Subject to subsection (b), the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act.
(b) AMENDMENTS RELATING TO CERTAIN INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS-(1) The following shall take effect upon the entry into force of the WIPO Copyright Treaty with respect to the United States:
(A) Paragraph (5) of the definition of `international agreement' contained in section 101 of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 108(a)(4) of this Act.
(B) The amendment made by section 108(a)(6) of this Act.
(C) Subparagraph (C) of section 104A(h)(1) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 108(c)(1) of this Act.
(D) Subparagraph (C) of section 104A(h)(3) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 108(c)(2) of this Act.(2) The following shall take effect upon the entry into force of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty with respect to the United States:
(A) Paragraph (6) of the definition of `international agreement' contained in section 101 of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 108(a)(4) of this Act.
(B) The amendment made by section 108(a)(7) of this Act.
(C) The amendment made by section 108(b)(2) of this Act.
(D) Subparagraph (D) of section 104A(h)(1) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 108(c)(1) of this Act.
(E) Subparagraph (D) of section 104A(h)(3) of title 17, United States Code, as amended by section 108(c)(2) of this Act.
(F) The amendments made by section 108(c)(3) of this Act.
TITLE II--INTERNET COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY
SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the `Internet Copyright Infringement Liability Clarification Act of 1998'.
SEC. 202. LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY FOR INTERNET COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.
(a) IN GENERAL- Chapter 5 of title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding after section 511 the following new section:
`Sec. 512. Liability of service providers for online infringement of copyright`(a) DIGITAL NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or except as provided in subsection (i) for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement for the provider's transmitting, routing, or providing connections for, material through a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider, or the intermediate and transient storage of such material in the course of such transmitting, routing or providing connections, if--
`(1) it was initiated by or at the direction of a person other than the service provider;
`(2) it is carried out through an automatic technical process without selection of such material by the service provider;
`(3) the service provider does not select the recipients of such material except as an automatic response to the request of another;
`(4) no such copy of such material made by the service provider is maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to anyone other than anticipated recipients, and no such copy is maintained on the system or network in a manner ordinarily accessible to the anticipated recipients for a longer period than is reasonably necessary for the communication; and
`(5) the material is transmitted without modification to its content.`(b) SYSTEM CACHING- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or except as provided in subsection (i) for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement for the intermediate and temporary storage of material on the system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider: Provided, That--
`(1) such material is made available online by a person other than such service provider,
`(2) such material is transmitted from the person described in paragraph (1) through such system or network to someone other than that person at the direction of such other person,
`(3) the storage is carried out through an automatic technical process for the purpose of making such material available to users of such system or network who subsequently request access to that material from the person described in paragraph (1):
Provided further, That--
`(4) such material is transmitted to such subsequent users without modification to its content from the manner in which the material otherwise was transmitted from the person described in paragraph (1);
`(5) such service provider complies with rules concerning the refreshing, reloading or other updating of such material when specified by the person making that material available online in accordance with an accepted industry standard data communications protocol for the system or network through which that person makes the material available: Provided further, That the rules are not used by the person described in paragraph (1) to prevent or unreasonably impair such intermediate storage;
`(6) such service provider does not interfere with the ability of technology associated with such material that returns to the person described in paragraph (1) the information that would have been available to such person if such material had been obtained by such subsequent users directly from such person: Provided further, That such technology--`(A) does not significantly interfere with the performance of the provider's system or network or with the intermediate storage of the material;
`(B) is consistent with accepted industry standard communications protocols; and
`(C) does not extract information from the provider's system or network other than the information that would have been available to such person if such material had been accessed by such users directly from such person;`(7) either--
`(A) the person described in paragraph (1) does not currently condition access to such material; or
`(B) if access to such material is so conditioned by such person, by a current individual pre-condition, such as a pre-condition based on payment of a fee, or provision of a password or other information, the service provider permits access to the stored material in significant part only to users of its system or network that have been so authorized and only in accordance with those conditions; and`(8) if the person described in paragraph (1) makes that material available online without the authorization of the copyright owner, then the service provider responds expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material that is claimed to be infringing upon notification of claimed infringements described in subsection (c)(3): Provided further, That the material has previously been removed from the originating site, and the party giving the notification includes in the notification a statement confirming that such material has been removed or access to it has been disabled or ordered to be removed or have access disabled.
`(c) INFORMATION STORED ON SERVICE PROVIDERS-
`(1) IN GENERAL- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or except as provided in subsection (i) for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement for the storage at the direction of a user of material that resides on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider, if the service provider--
`(A)(i) does not have actual knowledge that the material or activity is infringing,
`(ii) in the absence of such actual knowledge, is not aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent, or
`(iii) if upon obtaining such knowledge or awareness, the service provider acts expeditiously to remove or disable access to, the material;
`(B) does not receive a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity, where the service provider has the right and ability to control such activity; and
`(C) in the instance of a notification of claimed infringement as described in paragraph (3), responds expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity.`(2) DESIGNATED AGENT- The limitations on liability established in this subsection apply only if the service provider has designated an agent to receive notifications of claimed infringement described in paragraph (3), by substantially making the name, address, phone number, electronic mail address of such agent, and other contact information deemed appropriate by the Register of Copyrights, available through its service, including on its website, and by providing such information to the Copyright Office. The Register of Copyrights shall maintain a current directory of agents available to the public for inspection, including through the Internet, in both electronic and hard copy formats.
`(3) ELEMENTS OF NOTIFICATION-`(A) To be effective under this subsection, a notification of claimed infringement means any written communication provided to the service provider's designated agent that includes substantially the following--
`(i) a physical or electronic signature of a person authorized to act on behalf of the owner of an exclusive right that is allegedly infringed;
`(ii) identification of the copyrighted work claimed to have been infringed, or, if multiple such works at a single online site are covered by a single notification, a representative list of such works at that site;
`(iii) identification of the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be the subject of infringing activity that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to locate the material;
`(iv) information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to contact the complaining party, such as an address, telephone number, and, if available an electronic mail address at which the complaining party may be contacted;
`(v) a statement that the complaining party has a good faith belief that use of the material in the manner complained of is not authorized by the copyright owner, or its agent, or the law; and
`(vi) a statement that the information in the notification is accurate, and under penalty of perjury, that the complaining party has the authority to enforce the owner's rights that are claimed to be infringed.`(B) A notification from the copyright owner or from a person authorized to act on behalf of the copyright owner that fails substantially to conform to the provisions of paragraph (3)(A) shall not be considered under paragraph (1)(A) in determining whether a service provider has actual knowledge or is aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent: Provided, That the provider promptly attempts to contact the complaining party or takes other reasonable steps to assist in the receipt of notice under paragraph (3)(A) when the notice is provided to the service provider's designated agent and substantially satisfies the provisions of paragraphs (3)(A) (ii), (iii), and (iv).
`(d) INFORMATION LOCATION TOOLS- A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or except as provided in subsection (i) for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement for the provider referring or linking users to an online location containing infringing material or activity by using information location tools, including a directory, index, reference, pointer or hypertext link, if the provider--
`(1) does not have actual knowledge that the material or activity is infringing or, in the absence of such actual knowledge, is not aware of facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent;
`(2) does not receive a financial benefit directly attributable to the infringing activity, where the service provider has the right and ability to control such activity; and
`(3) responds expeditiously to remove or disable the reference or link upon notification of claimed infringement as described in subsection (c)(3): Provided, That for the purposes of this paragraph, the element in subsection (c)(3)(A)(iii) shall be identification of the reference or link, to material or activity claimed to be infringing, that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to locate such reference or link.`(e) MISREPRESENTATIONS- Any person who knowingly materially misrepresents under this section--
`(1) that material or activity is infringing, or
`(2) that material or activity was removed or disabled by mistake or misidentification, shall be liable for any damages, including costs and attorneys' fees, incurred by the alleged infringer, by any copyright owner or copyright owner's authorized licensee, or by the service provider, who is injured by such misrepresentation, as the result of the service provider relying upon such misrepresentation in removing or disabling access to the material or activity claimed to be infringing, or in replacing the removed material or ceasing to disable access to it.`(f) REPLACEMENT OF REMOVED OR DISABLED MATERIAL AND LIMITATION ON OTHER LIABILITY-
`(1) Subject to paragraph (2) of this subsection, a service provider shall not be liable to any person for any claim based on the service provider's good faith disabling of access to, or removal of, material or activity claimed to be infringing or based on facts or circumstances from which infringing activity is apparent, regardless of whether the material or activity is ultimately determined to be infringing.
`(2) Paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not apply with respect to material residing at the direction of a subscriber of the service provider on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider that is removed, or to which access is disabled by the service provider pursuant to a notice provided under subsection (c)(1)(C), unless the service provider--`(A) takes reasonable steps promptly to notify the subscriber that it has removed or disabled access to the material;
`(B) upon receipt of a counter notice as described in paragraph (3), promptly provides the person who provided the notice under subsection (c)(1)(C) with a copy of the counter notice, and informs such person that it will replace the removed material or cease disabling access to it in ten business days; and
`(C) replaces the removed material and ceases disabling access to it not less than 10, nor more than 14, business days following receipt of the counter notice, unless its designated agent first receives notice from the person who submitted the notification under subsection (c)(1)(C) that such person has filed an action seeking a court order to restrain the subscriber from engaging in infringing activity relating to the material on the service provider's system or network.`(3) To be effective under this subsection, a counter notification means any written communication provided to the service provider's designated agent that includes substantially the following:
`(A) A physical or electronic signature of the subscriber.
`(B) Identification of the material that has been removed or to which access has been disabled and the location at which such material appeared before it was removed or access was disabled.
`(C) A statement under penalty of perjury that the subscriber has a good faith belief that the material was removed or disabled as a result of mistake or misidentification of the material to be removed or disabled.
`(D) The subscriber's name, address and telephone number, and a statement that the subscriber consents to the jurisdiction of Federal Court for the judicial district in which the address is located, or if the subscriber's address is outside of the United States, for any judicial district in which the service provider may be found, and that the subscriber will accept service of process from the person who provided notice under subsection (c)(1)(C) or agent of such person.`(4) A service provider's compliance with paragraph (2) shall not subject the service provider to liability for copyright infringement with respect to the material identified in the notice provided under subsection (c)(1)(C).
`(g) IDENTIFICATION OF DIRECT INFRINGER- The copyright owner or a person authorized to act on the owner's behalf may request an order for release of identification of an alleged infringer by filing--
`(1) a copy of a notification described in subsection (c)(3)(A), including a proposed order, and
`(2) a sworn declaration that the purpose of the order is to obtain the identity of an alleged infringer and that such information will only be used for the purpose of this title, with the clerk of any United States district court.
The order shall authorize and order the service provider receiving the notification to disclose expeditiously to the copyright owner or person authorized by the copyright owner information sufficient to identify the alleged direct infringer of the material described in the notification to the extent such information is available to the service provider. The order shall be expeditiously issued if the accompanying notification satisfies the provisions of subsection (c)(3)(A) and the accompanying declaration is properly executed. Upon receipt of the order, either accompanying or subsequent to the receipt of a notification described in subsection (c)(3)(A), a service provider shall expeditiously give to the copyright owner or person authorized by the copyright owner the information required by the order, notwithstanding any other provision of law and regardless of whether the service provider responds to the notification.`(h) CONDITIONS FOR ELIGIBILITY-
`(1) ACCOMMODATION OF TECHNOLOGY- The limitations on liability established by this section shall apply only if the service provider--
`(A) has adopted and reasonably implemented, and informs subscribers of the service of, a policy for the termination of subscribers of the service who are repeat infringers; and
`(B) accommodates and does not interfere with standard technical measures as defined in this subsection.
`(2) DEFINITION- As used in this section, `standard technical measures' are technical measures, used by copyright owners to identify or protect copyrighted works, that--
`(A) have been developed pursuant to a broad consensus of copyright owners and service providers in an open, fair, voluntary, multi-industry standards process;
`(B) are available to any person on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms; and
`(C) do not impose substantial costs on service providers or substantial burdens on their systems or networks.`(i) INJUNCTIONS- The following rules shall apply in the case of any application for an injunction under section 502 against a service provider that is not subject to monetary remedies by operation of this section.
`(1) SCOPE OF RELIEF-
`(A) With respect to conduct other than that which qualifies for the limitation on remedies as set forth in subsection (a), the court may only grant injunctive relief with respect to a service provider in one or more of the following forms--
`(i) an order restraining it from providing access to infringing material or activity residing at a particular online site on the provider's system or network;
`(ii) an order restraining it from providing access to an identified subscriber of the service provider's system or network who is engaging in infringing activity by terminating the specified accounts of such subscriber; or
`(iii) such other injunctive remedies as the court may consider necessary to prevent or restrain infringement of specified copyrighted material at a particular online location: Provided, That such remedies are the least burdensome to the service provider that are comparably effective for that purpose.`(B) If the service provider qualifies for the limitation on remedies described in subsection (a), the court may only grant injunctive relief in one or both of the following forms--
`(i) an order restraining it from providing access to an identified subscriber of the service provider's system or network who is using the provider's service to engage in infringing activity by terminating the specified accounts of such subscriber; or
`(ii) an order restraining it from providing access, by taking specified reasonable steps to block access, to a specific, identified, foreign online location.`(2) CONSIDERATIONS- The court, in considering the relevant criteria for injunctive relief under applicable law, shall consider--
`(A) whether such an injunction, either alone or in combination with other such injunctions issued against the same service provider under this subsection, would significantly burden either the provider or the operation of the provider's system or network;
`(B) the magnitude of the harm likely to be suffered by the copyright owner in the digital network environment if steps are not taken to prevent or restrain the infringement;
`(C) whether implementation of such an injunction would be technically feasible and effective, and would not interfere with access to noninfringing material at other online locations; and
`(D) whether other less burdensome and comparably effective means of preventing or restraining access to the infringing material are available.`(3) NOTICE AND EX PARTE ORDERS- Injunctive relief under this subsection shall not be available without notice to the service provider and an opportunity for such provider to appear, except for orders ensuring the preservation of evidence or other orders having no material adverse effect on the operation of the service provider's communications network.
`(j) DEFINITIONS-
`(1)(A) As used in subsection (a), the term `service provider' means an entity offering the transmission, routing or providing of connections for digital online communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user's choosing, without modification to the content of the material as sent or received.
`(B) As used in any other subsection of this section, the term `service provider' means a provider of online services or network access, or the operator of facilities therefor, and includes an entity described in the preceding paragraph of this subsection.
`(2) As used in this section, the term `monetary relief' means damages, costs, attorneys' fees, and any other form of monetary payment.`(k) OTHER DEFENSES NOT AFFECTED- The failure of a service provider's conduct to qualify for limitation of liability under this section shall not bear adversely upon the consideration of a defense by the service provider that the service provider's conduct is not infringing under this title or any other defense.
`(l) PROTECTION OF PRIVACY- Nothing in this section shall be construed to condition the applicability of subsections (a) through (d) on--
`(1) a service provider monitoring its service or affirmatively seeking facts indicating infringing activity except to the extent consistent with a standard technical measure complying with the provisions of subsection (h); or
`(2) a service provider accessing, removing, or disabling access to material where such conduct is prohibited by law.`(m) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION- Subsections (a), (b), (c), and (d) are intended to describe separate and distinct functions for purposes of analysis under this section. Whether a service provider qualifies for the limitation on liability in any one such subsection shall be based solely on the criteria in each such subsection and shall not affect a determination of whether such service provider qualifies for the limitations on liability under any other such subsection.'.
(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT- The table of sections for chapter 5 of title 17, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
`512. Liability of service providers for online infringement of copyright.'.
SEC. 203. LIMITATIONS ON EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS; COMPUTER PROGRAMS.
Section 117 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) by striking `Notwithstanding' and inserting the following:`(a) MAKING OF ADDITIONAL COPY OR ADAPTATION BY OWNER OF COPY- Notwithstanding';
(2) by striking `Any exact' and inserting the following:
`(b) LEASE, SALE, OR OTHER TRANSFER OF ADDITIONAL COPY OR ADAPTATION- Any exact'; and
(3) by adding at the end the following:
`(c) MACHINE MAINTENANCE OR REPAIR- Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement for the owner or lessee of a machine to make or authorize the making of a copy of a computer program if such copy is made solely by virtue of the activation of a machine that lawfully contains an authorized copy of the computer program, for purposes only of maintenance or repair of that machine, if--
`(1) such new copy is used in no other manner and is destroyed immediately after the maintenance or repair is completed; and
`(2) with respect to any computer program or part thereof that is not necessary for that machine to be activated, such program or part thereof is not accessed or used other than to make such new copy by virtue of the activation of the machine.`(d) DEFINITIONS- For purposes of this section--
`(1) the `maintenance' of a machine is the servicing of the machine in order to make it work in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that machine; and
`(2) the `repair' of a machine is the restoring of the machine to the state of working in accordance with its original specifications and any changes to those specifications authorized for that machine.'.
SEC. 204. LIABILITY OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR ONLINE INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT.
(a) RECOMMENDATIONS BY REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS- Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Register of Copyrights, after consultation with representatives of copyright owners and nonprofit educational institutions, shall submit to the Congress recommendations regarding the liability of nonprofit educational institutions for copyright infringement committed with the use of computer systems for which such an institution is a service provider, as that term is defined in section 512 of title 17, United States Code (as added by section 202 of this Act), including recommendations for legislation that the Register of Copyrights considers appropriate regarding such liability, if any.
(b) FACTORS- In formulating recommendations under subsection (a), the Register of Copyrights shall consider, where relevant--(1) current law regarding the direct, vicarious, and contributory liability of nonprofit educational institutions for infringement by faculty, administrative employees, students, graduate students, and students who are employees of such nonprofit educational institutions;
(2) other users of their computer systems for whom nonprofit educational institutions may be responsible;
(3) the unique nature of the relationship between nonprofit educational institutions and faculty;
(4) what policies nonprofit educational institutions should adopt regarding copyright infringement by users of their computer systems;
(5) what technological measures are available to monitor infringing uses;
(6) what monitoring of their computer systems by nonprofit educational institutions is appropriate;
(7) what due process nonprofit educational institutions should afford in disabling access by users of their computer systems who are alleged to have committed copyright infringement;
(8) what distinctions, if any, should be drawn between computer systems which may be accessed from outside the nonprofit educational systems, those which may not, and combinations thereof;
(9) the tradition of academic freedom; and
(10) such other issues relating to the liability of nonprofit educational institutions for copyright infringement committed with the use of computer systems for which such an institution is a service provider that the Register considers appropriate.
SEC. 205. EVALUATION OF IMPACT OF COPYRIGHT LAW AND AMENDMENTS ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.
(a) FINDINGS- In order to maintain strong protection for intellectual property and promote the development of electronic commerce and the technologies to support that commerce, the Congress must have accurate and current information on the effects of intellectual property protection on electronic commerce and technology. The emergence of digital technology and the proliferation of copyrighted works in digital media, along with the amendments to copyright law contained in this Act, make it appropriate for the Congress to review these issues to ensure that neither copyright law nor electronic commerce inhibits the development of the other.
(b) EVALUATION BY SECRETARY OF COMMERCE- The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information and the Register of Copyrights, shall evaluate--(1) the effects of this Act and the amendments made by this Act on the development of electronic commerce and associated technology; and
(2) the relationship between existing and emergent technology and existing copyright law.(c) REPORT TO CONGRESS- The Secretary of Commerce shall, not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, submit to the Congress a report on the evaluation conducted under subsection (b), including any legislative recommendations the Secretary may have.
SEC. 206. EFFECTIVE DATE.
This title and the amendments made by this title shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act.
TITLE III 固定レコード，遠隔授業，図書館及び公文書館の免除
SEC. 301. EPHEMERAL RECORDINGS.
合衆国法典（United States Code）タイトル17の112条は，次のとおり改正される。
(1) (1)，(2)及び(3)号をそれぞれ(A)，(B)及び(C)と変更する。(2) (a)項の後に(1)号を挿入する。 そして，
(3) by inserting after `114(a),' the following: `or for a transmitting organization that is a broadcast radio or television station licensed as such by the Federal Communications Commission that broadcasts a performance of a sound recording in a digital format on a nonsubscription basis,'; and
(4) 末尾に，次のとおり挿入する。
`(2) In a case in which a transmitting organization entitled to make a copy or phonorecord under paragraph (1) in connection with the transmission to the public of a performance or display of a work described in that paragraph is prevented from making such copy or phonorecord by reason of the application by the copyright owner of technical measures that prevent the reproduction of the work, the copyright owner shall make available to the transmitting organization the necessary means for permitting the making of such copy or phonorecord within the meaning of that paragraph, if it is technologically feasible and economically reasonable for the copyright owner to do so. If the copyright owner fails to do so in a timely manner in light of the transmitting organization's reasonable business requirements, the transmitting organization shall not be liable for a violation of the regulations issued under section 102(a)(1)(A) of the WIPO Copyright Treaties Implementation Act for engaging in such activities as are necessary to make such copies or phonorecords as permitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection.'.
SEC. 302. LIMITATIONS ON EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS; DISTANCE EDUCATION.
(a) NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATIONによる勧告 − 本法の成立後6か月以内に，the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Informationは，著作権者，非営利の教育機関（nonprofit educational institutions）及び非営利の図書館及び公文書館（nonprofit libraries and archives）の代表と協議をした上で，連邦議会に対し，双方向デジタル・ネットワークを含むデジタル技術を通じて，著作権者の権利と著作物のユーザの側の需要との間の適切なバランスを適切に維持しながら，どのようにして遠隔教育（distance education）を実行するかについての勧告（recommendations）を提出しなければならない。当該勧告は，the Assistant Secretaryが上記の諸目的を達成するために適切であると考える何らかの立法（legislation）を含まなければならない。
(b) 要件 − (a)項に基づいて勧告（recommendations）の作成するときは，the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Informationは，次の各事項を考慮しなければならない。
(1) デジタル・ネットワークを介した遠隔教育に関して，著作権者の排他的権利の適用除外を設けるべきだとの需要
(2) 遠隔教育における適用除外に含められるべき著作物のカテゴリー
(3) 遠隔教育における適用除外に基づいて利用可能な著作物の部分に関する適切な内容的制限の範囲
(4) 遠隔教育における適用除外の利益を享受すべき権利を有する者
(5) 遠隔教育における適用除外に基づく遠隔教育マテリアルの受領者として適するとされるべき者
(6) 開発されつつある技術の可能性に照らし，110条(2)号に規定する適用除外を含め，遠隔教育における適用除外が適正であるための条件として，著作権で保護されているマテリアルへの無権限アクセス（unauthorized access），無権限使用（unauthorized use）または無権限所持（unauthorized retention）に対するセーフガードとして，どのような技術的手段が利用可能であるか，
(7) 双方向デジタルネットワークを通じてなされる遠隔教育において著作権を付与された著作物を使用するための許諾をする権限の範囲をどこまでとするかは，遠隔教育における適用除外に適しているかどうか（eligibility）を評価して判断しなければならない。そして，
(8) 双方向デジタルネットワークを通じてなされる遠隔教育に関連してthe Assistant Secretaryが適切と認めるその他の事項
SEC. 303. EXEMPTION FOR LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES.
Section 108 of title 17, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)--(A) by striking `Notwithstanding' and inserting `Except as otherwise provided in this title and notwithstanding';
(B) by inserting after `no more than one copy or phonorecord of a work' the following: `, except as provided in subsections (b) and (c)'; and
(C) in paragraph (3) by inserting after `copyright' the following: `that appears on the copy or phonorecord that is reproduced under the provisions of this section, or includes a legend stating that the work may be protected by copyright if no such notice can be found on the copy or phonorecord that is reproduced under the provisions of this section';(2) in subsection (b)--
(A) by striking `a copy or phonorecord' and inserting `three copies or phonorecords';
(B) by striking `in facsimile form'; and
(C) by striking `if the copy or phonorecord reproduced is currently in the collections of the library or archives.' and inserting `if--(1) the copy or phonorecord reproduced is currently in the collections of the library or archives; and
(2) any such copy or phonorecord that is reproduced in digital format is not otherwise distributed in that format and is not made available to the public in that format outside the premises of the library or archives.'; and(3) in subsection (c)--
(A) by striking `a copy or phonorecord' and inserting `three copies or phonorecords';
(B) by striking `in facsimile form';
(C) by inserting `or if the existing format in which the work is stored has become obsolete,' after `stolen,'; and
(D) by striking `if the library or archives has, after a reasonable effort, determined that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price.' and inserting `if--`(1) the library or archives has, after a reasonable effort, determined that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price; and
`(2) any such copy or phonorecord that is reproduced in digital format is not made available to the public in that format except for use on the premises of the library or archives in lawful possession of such copy.'; and(E) by adding at the end the following:
`For purposes of this subsection, a format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or device necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace.'.
TITLE IV 関連規定
SEC. 401. REPORT BY NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION.
Not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Communications and Information shall report to the Congress on appropriate mechanisms to encourage the development of access protocols, encryption testing methods, and security testing methods which would allow lawful access to, with appropriate safeguards to prevent the unlawful copying of, encrypted works. The Assistant Secretary shall include in such report recommendations on proposed amendments to this Act, if any, for achieving such result and for mechanisms to ensure that such safeguards--
(1) would be developed pursuant to a broad consensus of copyright owners and cryptographic researchers and security administrators in an open, fair, voluntary standards-setting process;
(2) to the extent feasible, would protect copyright owners against the unauthorized distribution or reproduction of their encrypted works; and
(3) would not limit encryption research, to the extent such research is permitted by law as of the enactment of this Act.
Copyright (C) 1998 Takato NATSUI, All rights reserved.
最終更新日：Aug/03/1998